Nature is female 

Brownian Motion of Atoms: Our limited Approach

Brownian Motion: The Random motion of atoms in space is called Brownian Motion.

We have been taught that atoms are in random motion. I don't say that this is wrong postulation but I also disagree that it is true to be a fact. In the passage below I will take a simple example that will simulate our view of the atoms' motion in space through a limited window (supposedly a microscope).

There is a room with a window that opens towards a playground. You sit in the room facing
the window. There is a table in the room just under the window. So you can not go near the
window.Therefore you can see everything ouside that comes within the area of window.

Now unknown to you, some students are playing a game in the playground.
Suppose 100 students stand to the left of the window and 100 students to the
right of the window. But you cannot see them as they are donot come in your view through the window. Each student has a rubber ball.Each child on left and right are
numbered 1 to 100 . The game they are playing is like this.From left side 1st child will throw the ball towards 1st child on the right.Then 1st child on right will catch the ball and will throw it
back to 1st child on left and so on for each child will continue to throw his ball to his
corresponding counterpart on both sides. The top view of the situation can be like this:
Go to This Link to see a diagram representation of above scenario





Note: You can only see straight through the window, so you cannot see the children, but if they throws balls from left to right or vice versa then you will see the different balls only.


Since while sitting in the room , far from the window, you can only see in line of window,
therefore you cannot see the children.You only see the balls moving from left to right and
right to left. Since the balls follow projectile path in actual but infront of your window
some balls will be in rising phase of their projectile path, some in falling phase of their
projectile path, some in horizontal phase of their projectile path (depending on the
throwing position of child and throwing velocity and angle).
What will appear to you is that some ball are going left, some right, some moving upwards,
some downwards, some horizontal. Although if you had known the complete picture the
projectile path of each ball could be calculated by you but since you only look out of a
small window the paths become random.
When any element has been studied, its atoms paths have either been traced through
microscopes or experiments involving detectors, lasers etc . In both cases we are looking at
the whole system through a hole( a limited window), in which every atom(ball) appears to
move randomly. We have no other choice also to look at the whole of the system at once
because due to large size difference, the velocity of atomic system's frame is different from
our frame's velocity. Even if elements are exchanging atoms in a calculated manner along calculated paths, in our microscope hole we only catch a small part of that path and say that it is
random.
Keeping the above analogy in view isn't it too much of an assumption. While we can
not see the whole path followed by an atom and are unaware of the rest of the motion in the
remaining sample, then also we start believing that atoms have random motion.

Isn't it wonderful that most of our laws assume random motion of atoms and isn't it more
wonderful that they still seem to work in practical situations.

Quantum mechanics description of Diffraction experiment

The Diffraction experiment carried out in classical physics has been studied again in a more comprehensive manner. The results found are certainly mysterious. First about the experiment: A source of electromagnetic radiation, say light or electron beam is used. For the experiment that I came across in a book on quantum mechanics, an electron gun was used to emit a beam of electrons. An obstruction in form of a crystal with two slits was placed in the path of the beam. And the patterns made by the electron beam after passing through these slits were captured on a electron detector screen. Before discussing the main experiment further let us consider the same experiment done with waves and particles separately, so that we can compare our results for electron beam with either of the two experiments. Diffraction experiment in water waves: A vibrating rod immersed in water vibrates at a constant frequency and produces waves in water that travel towards an obstruction having two openings (similar to slits in the screen of electron beam experiment).After traveling through these openings in the obstruction ,the water waves make a pattern at the detection point. To avoid technical details and keep things simple, let us name this pattern as W pattern. The only thing that one needs to know about W pattern is that since the water waves travel through both the openings, so they show interference. Diffraction experiment in Particles: Since a bullet is of enough large size to be characterized by our brain as a solid particle, therefore bullets were used for studying the pattern produced by diffraction of particles. A gun that could fire bullets at a very fast rate, was used to fire bullets on a wall with two openings for bullets to pass through. Behind the wall was a bullet collector wall made of sand. The bullets after moving through the holes stroked the sand wall and the whole distribution pattern of bullets on the sand wall was named P pattern. It was different from W pattern, in the sense that interference was absent in it as one bullet can at maximum pass through only one opening to reach the screen. At that time there is nothing passing through the other opening, so no question of interference in case of particles.

Thus remember that
Waves after diffraction make W pattern having interference.
Particles after diffraction produce P pattern having no interference.Now come back to the electron beam experiment.

In this experiment the electron beam was released and electrons after diffraction at the slits formed a pattern on the screen. If the observer sees the screen after electron diffraction experiment he sees a W pattern implying that electron traveled as waves from the source to the screen. Now if the rate at which electrons are emitted is decreased so much that electrons come out of the gun as separate particles, and then the pattern formed should be the P pattern. But still the electron particles after releasing from the gun travel to screen and make a W pattern. The pattern has interference in it but how is this possible? We know that a single electron as a particle can only pass through a single slit then how come they interfere to produce a wave pattern. This could only have happened if electron change back into wave form during the course of travel from gun to screen. But they will change to waves only if they sense that they are being released as particles and the observer is observing them as particles at the gun's mouth. So it comes to mind that somehow they sense their state (particle or wave) and no matter what they change their state to waves to form the wave pattern on the screen.
Moving a step further the observer places a polarizer in front of one slit so that all the electrons that have come through that slit are polarized and all the electrons coming from the other slit are unpolarized. In this way the electrons passing through each slit will be identified. Again the electron after leaving the guns mouth came to know about the polarizer and did not change to waves form. The pattern formed on the screen is a P pattern. So, this time the electrons did not change to wave form on the way and continued as particles throughout from the gun to screen. Thus electrons could guess that what measures the observer is taking to study them and maintained their forms accordingly.
Now one more enhancement was made, that that a depolarizer was placed between the slit with the polarizer and the screen so that all the particles that have been polarized earlier are depolarized. In this manner again the electrons passing through both slits would become same and can not be identified as separate particles. But, this time the pattern found was again a W pattern that is having interference. So what do u say?
Electrons come to know that there is a depolarizer behind the slits to depolarize the polarized particles and there would be no way to tell them apart after depolarization, so they again convert to a wave form to produce a wave like pattern.

Whatever change the observer makes in the setup the electrons sensed the change even before reaching that point in space and change their form accordingly. Isn’t it weird?

Now the observer decided that they should separate the experiment over space and time. Now what was done was that there are large numbers of experimenters through out the world with the same setup of diffraction experiment. Now each observer would only release one electron and detect its point of contact with the screen. All observers would do the same thing with a single electron and each observer would obtain a spot marking the striking point of the electron on his respective screen. Now these entire different screens are superimposed. And what you see is the same particle pattern. Now how did each electron know that where to strike and with what intensity, so as to produce a particle pattern after combining spots of all electrons?. All this even when each single electron experiment was done in separate lab and at different time. Don’t u think that it is limit of weirdness?

It has been said that if u understand this behavior of electron in the 2 slit experiment u will know whole quantum mechanics but later the same author has added that since no body till date has understood this weird behavior, therefore no one knows quantum mechanics.

Working of Parallel Worlds

My name is Xitiz. Today, I decided to play IGI, a very popular strategy computer game.
I started the game. It asked for my name. I entered Capt. Smith. So I entered the first scene of the game as Capt. Smith. The 3-D graphics of the game had been done in such a meticulous manner, and thanks to my video card, I could see each and every detail of the scene. I moved my eye-view through the keyboard keys. In all directions, the view was just as real as it could be. The trees were swaying with the wind as they would have in reality, snow was falling as quietly as it falls in the hills. The horizon was tempting me to find out what lay beyond. If Capt. Smith had been a real guy, he would not be in iota of doubt in his mind that he was only seeing a programmically built scenery. In whichever direction he moved his eyes, a beautiful world welcomed him. It would never have occurred to him that the computer programs creates the scene he is viewing by calculating his viewing direction and other factors like viewable distance, light etc. And the most important thing he believed that he was viewing a world which is spread around him, but how will he believe that whenever the computer program draws the scene he is about to see, even he is re-Drawn with every scene because for the computer program he is not something that exists apart from the environment. He is a part of the whole world around him to such an extent that is created to see a scene and then destroyed and then again created for seeing another scene which only he should have seen as he is seeing it.

But as Xitiz, I was aware that there is no real entity called Capt. Smith and neither is there some place existing like the one shown in the game. I also knew that how a computer is recreating every scene including Capt. Smith. So if I press left arrow key to see to my left, the computer captures my instruction, flushes the previous memory and after performing new calculations, re-Draws the screen. This is done extremely fast so that I am not able to feel the gap between two scenes.

So the main thing is that, if Capt. Smith is to see a cat, a cat is created for him to see, simultaneously Capt. Smith is created to see the cat and all the surroundings that contain the cat, Capt. Smith and allow the seeing process are created. After that if Capt. Smith is to shoot that cat, then again a new scene is created in which a new cat that will try to run, a new Capt. Smith with a gun pointed at the cat is created. Since the computer did it very fast therefore we could not tell that every thing was different from the older one. And so on if Capt. Smith has to be a success in shooting the cat, then only a scene that includes the dead cat and triumphant Capt. Smith is produced.

Like Capt. Smith is being fooled by the computer, why can’t there be a probability that we are also being fooled by the Universe. Why is that we believe that here the world is real and everything exists. Why are you sure that the computer you are seeing in front of you is real like you? Is it only because when you are reading this document, you are able to distinctively locate its position and when you look away in some other direction for a second and again look back, you find the computer in the same position. Is that the only reason for this belief? But have you ever thought that when you were looking in the other direction say at the fan in the ceiling, how do you guarantee that the computer was still there undisturbed. I can tell you a method by following which Universe can remove the computer when you were not looking at it and again put it back at the time when you again started to look at it and you were not able to notice the absence of the computer. Now if I convince you that this is possible, then you will have to believe that computer can not be real matter since removing it in such a short time will create a void which will have to be filled by some other matter and this will disturb the stability of the surrounding system which must come to your notice for sure. Also sudden removal and reentry of matter (assume computer here) in the system will accompany large energy changes in the system since movement of matter requires work to be done, but you did not notice any energy emissions or absorptions. Imagine you are looking on the computer screen and reading this document. You look away for 1 second at the moving fan on the ceiling and again turn back your attention to the computer. How universe made you believe that computer was there also during that second is by using the following method. The universe stored the data about your environment at the exact moment when you looked away from the PC. It stored the co-ordinates of your view of the computer (size, color, light intensity etc), your thought process at that moment, the place where you left reading before looking away. In short everything about the scene in which you, computer and the process of reading was happening, was stored. Please note that this includes everything that you were aware of while you reading the document. But where was it stored? Of course the whole data was stored in your own memory. You will say that the universe did not store anything but your brain remembers everything itself. But, if I ask you to imagine that scene, you will not able to get the exact details but recall somewhat a fuzzy picture. This happens because you are trying to recall not what your brain voluntarily remembered or stored but what the Universe stored in your memory forcefully. Now when you have moved your eyes away from the computer and are moving them to the place where you expect to see a ceiling with a fan revolving, the universe senses this and presents before you a scene in which a ceiling is there with a fan revolving. The Universe also creates the objects to complete the functionality of the fan i.e. moving air and when your touch sensors feel the air and your skin reacts by stopping to sweat, the effect is complete. Now after 1 second you have started moving you eyes to such a situation, in which you expect that a computer will come in front of you with a document that you had read till a particular word. And that is what you find. EVERYTHING IS IDENTICAL TO IT WAS 1 SECOND BEFORE. But what happens is that the Universe again makes you a fool by presenting to your eyes the scene with the computer. But how did the universe know the details of the scene you were expecting to see in the new scene? Then don’t forget that each and every detail universe had already stored in your memory. It has only refreshed the scene after reading the stored data from your memory. We only remember the fuzzy picture ourselves and when the universe draws the detailed picture with all effects that can sensed by our skin, our brains compares the two pictures and makes us think that the scene is real (In fact this feeling makes us believe that what we are sensing is real and our brain only contained images) Now what you are seeing is a new computer, a new document, a totally new environment but since, each of these is identical to the old one so you never feel the difference. The identical scene forces you to believe that the computer was always there. You recollect the word where you left reading and your brain many times also tells you it relative position in the document like near the end of the page, middle of paragraph etc. And of course you find the word there and continue to read. It never comes to your mind that you don’t know the status of computer for that 1-second when you were not looking at it. Now you may be able to understand that when you are not looking at any thing for time duration t units then even if that thing does not exist for that time duration t units, you will not sense it’s non-existence. All this because the Universe which works at a speed of light, guesses fast what you expect to find where and produces it by manifesting your expectations.

But here is the biggest shock. How does the universe remember that which person wants what and when? Suppose you and I are both reading the document together from the same screen, then you hear a sound and while you are reading word number 23 in the document, you look out of the window to know about the noise and after looking for 53 seconds you again return back to reading the document from where u left that is 24th word. And all this while I was very busy in reading, and therefore was not disturbed by the noise that disturbed you. But when I was reading the 134th word, I looked up at the ceiling fan to straighten my neck and after 1 second again started reading from the 135th word. Now the situation becomes complex if the Universe follows the above method because now how will it remember that which scene to present to whom and when and for how long. Since both of us are reading the same document from the same computer, then if Universe presents a scene according to data in your memory then why is that I continue to read and do not feel any incompatibility. Even if you were looking away for a few seconds and when you look back you find the identical scene which universe must have redrawn for you. But I was continuously looking at the monitor. How is the new scene compatible to me even? And here only two people are there. How does the Universe handle complex situations like 200 people watching a movie in the theatre? To understand that how our Universe handles complex situations like these think that you and I are playing “Need For Speed II” game in double player mode. In the race the game has to maintain complete compatibility in your view and my view. If you are ahead of me then it should show you a car that is identical to my car, behind your car and for you the finishing line should appear nearer. In my view, it should show me a car identical to your car that is between the finishing line and my car. Can it be possible on a single screen? The game software can either produce a scene that is compatible to your view or either the scene will be compatible to my view. So how does it maintain the compatibility? Simple, it divides the screen into two such that there is a view for both of us. Your car is part of my view and my car is a part of your view. The software captures the increase or decrease in your speed and calculates the change in distance between you and me and redraws my screen view showing the changed relative distance and direction between you and me. So if the number of persons involved in the game increase to ‘n’ then still the game software can maintain compatibility in each of their views by generating corresponding ‘n’ views and making the corresponding ‘n-1’ players a part of view of that ‘n’ player. So it redraws me again and again for your view and redraws you for my view always satisfying the physics and mathematics that determine our relative position. This is what the Universe does with us in our world also. When you heard the noise and moved your eyes towards window, the universe captured everything’s status around you in your memory and this data included me. So when you are about to return back to reading on the computer screen after 53 seconds, it reads your mind and repaints the scene in front of your eyes showing me as before. Afterwards, when I stop reading and look towards ceiling for 1 second, the data stored in my mind includes you and your properties. When I return back to reading the document, I get back the same as previous view in which you are reading the document with me. I mean to say through this is that when we are not aware of each other (you looking at window and I looking at the fan), we do not exist for each other. When ever we stop existing for each other the Universe splits into a copy of itself. Now when you look towards the window, I stop existing for you. Now when you look back to the screen you found me there looking at the screen as before because my position was stored as a part of the whole scene. But the universe in which you exist now is not what you and I shared before you looked away from the screen. You are in a new universe altogether now and this universe copied the status from your memory at the time when you stopped looking towards the window and are returning to your previous state i.e. reading the document. It shows me as before. When you left the universe we shared initially (depending upon whether I was aware of you leaving the universe or not), I also entered into a new universe in which I know that I do not exist for each you (since I know that you are looking towards the window and not aware of the existence of the computer, me and other objects inside the room). Now when you return back to reading the document you exit the universe that has the window (you turn your eyes away from window and can not guarantee that it will be there while you are not looking at it) and enter into a new universe that has a computer showing a document and me reading the document. The whole of computer, document and me that you were aware of previously is redrawn again. But I do not sense this change and continuing reading because although everything is redrawn for you but for me it is not since, we already are in the different Universes. So everything you are reading is identical to what I am reading but it is not same. So if you say that first word of document is “Today”, I will also agree that first word is “Today” but the word you are seeing is different from the word I am seeing owing to splitting up of our shared Universes. We continue in our separate universes while you are again reading the document. Now another change happens when I look at the ceiling fan. I leave my previous universe in which I was reading and you were also reading the document, and enter into one in which I see the ceiling fan for 1 second. During this time since you were already reading the document from a separate universe, so if you see me looking away from the document then you again change the universe otherwise you continue in the same universe. Now when I look back at the computer screen, I again enter into a new universe that presents to me a scene involving you reading the document from the computer screen. Now you are again a part of scene of my universe but different Universe is again new and different. Although we are both in different universes all the time (call them parallel worlds) but still for every change I make to myself, not only I enter a new universe but you also have to enter a new universe automatically since your universe also tracks that what you were observing (me) from your universe has entered into another universe and so it tracks that object (me) in its new universe (my new universe) and presents the changes to you by taking you to a new universe of your own (reflecting the change I made to myself in the scene of your universe). Similarly I automatically enter to a new universe even if you make changes to your self and I become aware that you have made some change.
Thus the observer enters into a new universe the moment he becomes aware that the observed has made some change. In this manner Compatibility in your view and my view is maintained like it was maintained in the game double player mode. And how the universe does so even across large distances is the EPR-Paradox that baffled Einstein and his likes for almost 50 years. But now the paradox has been solved and an explanation exists that explains the queer behavior of the Universes or Parallel words.

To understand the solution of EPR-Paradox, i.e. how the universe interacts with other universes in context of some event, one must know that:
A large number of universes exist (less than 10118 ) but they are not of the same type
Based on the method of formation the Universes are basically of three types (according to me as on 17th december, 2004) but of four types (according to an American scientist, whose name I can’t recall)
If we consider the Big Bang theory of Universe as a valid assumption of how Universe is formed, 3 different kinds of universes according to me are:
a) Universes that formed by explosion of different primeval atoms. The universal constants should be different for such kind of universes.
b) Universes that are formed from a same primeval atom. If one bomb explodes, you may have seen that there is one major cloud of gas and many small pockets of gas also. So if the main cloud of gas forms a universe then there is a possibilty that other pockets of gas may also form their own separate structure of universes. The universal constants will be same for such kind of universes but the space-time can differ. If the space-time combination for such universe is same than they have to move away from each other at a speed more than the speed of light for stability to be maintained. If the space-time is different than they can co-exist with other universes in the same space, maintaining their stability. You say that two matters cannot occupy same space but if the dimensions of one are at right angles to the other so that none of its components interferes with the other, then they can co-exist.
c) Universes, that are the parallel worlds, you can say that like the frames of a movie. For every change in the movie, the frame copies it self into two, one with the change and one without it. And so there are now two movies. In this way the root universe went on dividing itself into its copies upon the occurrences of changes and is still multiplying in large numbers.

Now coming back to the EPR-Paradox.( to be contd.)

If u r reading this document then this document and u have been only existing for that time for which u r reading it. Since u can stop reading it any moment at any line, therefore for every such possibility a new you will be coming into existence and for that new u a new job like looking at the watch (or whatever that new u has to do) will come into existence. This theory has baffled Einstien and Bohr. So if u r baffled then it is natural. That’s all for now.